Ninth Circuit "Veterans"

As director and supervising attorney for the Hastings Appellate Project, I work with some terrific young legal talent and this year was no exception.  We invited six Hastings students to join the program this past academic year and handled three Ninth Circuit Appeals pro bono. 

In one appeal, 3Ls Mara Boundy and Kelly Matayoshi represented a client facing deportation.  Despite an immigration judge's favorable ruling below, the Board of Immigration Appeals reversed based on a controversial interpretation of amended federal immigration statutes and BIA/Ninth Circuit retroactivity decisions.  Mara and Kelly not only wrote two briefs on the merits addressing the tension in the Circuit's retroactivity decisions, they also wrote an amicus brief when the Ninth Circuit granted en banc review of a different subdivision of the same statutory scheme.  Mara argued our client's case in March before Circuit Judges Consuelo M. Callahan and Carlos T. Bea along with Judge Mark W. Bennett of the Northern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.  The case, while submitted for decision, is now in a holding pattern while the Ninth Circuit decides the en banc matter.  A favorable decision there almost certainly means one in our case as well -- but this one could go either way!

In another appeal, 3Ls Heidi Hansen Kalscheur and Nolan Shaw represented a client facing removal from the United States based on the Board of Immigration Appeals' decision that California's simple kidnapping statute is, categorically speaking, a crime of moral turpitude.  To say that this appeal was an esoteric brain teaser just barely describes the thorny interplay between the federal generic definition of moral turpitude and California decisional law on simple kidnapping.  Heidi and Nolan wrote two briefs on the merits and in May, Nolan argued the matter before Circuit Judges Stephen R. Reinhardt, N. Randy Smith, and Richard R. Clifton.  All present were treated to a rare bit of decorum when Judge Smith made his way around the entire courtroom prior to the start of the oral arguments, personally greeting lawyers, clients and audience alike.  We are cautiously optimistic that our client will obtain a favorable ruling!

Our final appeal this year was also our first victory among the three.  There, 3Ls Jenna Morton and Zachary Young (see photo, far right and third from the right respectively), represented a Nicaraguan national facing deportation after deserting from the Sandinistas over refusing to take place in human rights atrocities inflicted on the local citizenry.  The Justice Department's lawyers, in what can only be viewed as hardball tactics pursued against a pro se litigant/immigrant, sought summary dismissal of our client's appeal prior to our retention.  The Ninth Circuit rejected those tactics and we were appointed counsel.  Zachary and Jenna filed an opening brief identifying errors made by the Board of Immigration Appeals.  Instead of filing an opposition brief, the government reversed course, agreeing that a remand was required and moving for one!  The matter is now back before the BIA.

In a sign of these economic times, four of these six Ninth Circuit "vets" still do not have any concrete plans for after the bar exam.  This is strictly a down market phenomenon.  I am attaching their information here: Heidi Hansen KalscheurNolan ShawJenna Morton; and Zachary Young.  And not to leave out the rest of the team, here is information about Mara Boundy and Kelly Matayoshi.

D.O.A.

"Some appeals are filed to delay the inevitable.  This is such an appeal.  It is frivolous and was dead on arrival at the appellate courthouse." 

So begins the recent decision in Brown v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 1353.  There's no mistaking the reproach in those words, or these:  "After [the oral argument] calendar notice was sent . . . appellate counsel . . . asked that we dismiss the appeal.  We will deny the request.  We will affirm the judgment and refer the matter to the California State Bar for consideration of discipline."

As appellate counsel, we work hard at scrutinizing cases for that single strand that can turn trial court loss into victory.  We apply the forensic skills and appellate knowledge we've accumulated to the record.  And if we find the right thread and pull it, sometimes our efforts are rewarded with a reversal.  But what sets that kind of effort apart from the appeal in Brown?  

Brown provides some insights into a valid appeal and the line between vigorous advocacy and sanctionable conduct.  Although there are various terms of art involved, perhaps one way to describe the irreducible minimum is a "viable issue."  If you have that, then whether you win or lose, your appeal should fall on the proper side of the line.

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Goin Round in Circles

A recurring theme is that collectively speaking, lawyers often make and evaluate Code of Civil Procedure section 998 offers without a complete understanding of how the statute operates.  That knowledge gap is a little scary. 

But before you conclude I am talking down to trial lawyers (and many have heard me admire how trial lawyers react in real time and keep all those plates in the air), check this out: judges sometimes get 998 offers wrong too.  And think about this – if anyone sees 998 offers in operation the most – it’s the civil trial court judges.  After all, they have the robust caseloads and are more apt to regularly deal with 998 offers.

In preparing for the upcoming 2011 MCLE Spectacular presentation, I came across a splendid example of how section 998 trips up lawyers and sometimes judges alike.  The case is Warfield v. Chandler 2011 Cal.App. Unpub. LEXIS 4024.  Warfield has a lot to offer.

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Frivolity

What's that old saying that a good lawyer can argue just about anything?  While that may be true, a recent decision by the Sixth District Court of Appeal demonstrates that some arguments are better left not taken.  Sometimes it's probably better to walk away. 

But if taken, a proper record should be designated, or what follows could be quite, well, unpalatable.  For failure to properly perfect the record on appeal can be viewed as evidence that the appeal is frivolous.  And if the Court of Appeal finds the appeal frivolous, it can award sanctions in the form of respondent's attorney fees and fines paid to the court.  That's exactly what happened in Foust v. San Jose Construction Companywhere appellant was ordered to pay $15,000 in sanctions. 

What went wrong?

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Be Brief

In what appears to be a trend (see prior post, In Search Of), another decision issued last week demonstrates a different kind of missing ingredient in legal briefs -- the argument:

"The jury awarded Quantum $1 million in damages. Subsequently, LV Associates moved for a new trial and judgment notwithstanding the verdict.  The trial court denied the post-trial motions, finding their one-page supporting memoranda lacked any discussion related to the facts or to the cited law, failing to comply with Rule 3.1113 of the California Rules of Court."  Quantum Cooking Concepts Inc. v. LV Associates Inc. 2011 Cal.App. LEXIS 951.  

Digging a little deeper, the case reveals that the thrifty approach to briefing in Quantum Cooking involved two separate issues assigned a half a page each.  Somewhere there is an attorney mourning the adage, "be brief" and pondering the high school English teacher's mantra that less is more, at least when taken to the extreme.

But if leaving the required statement of facts, specific evidentiary references and arguments out is problematic, there are greater sins of inclusion.  If you are going to let it all hang out in a brief, it's still a good idea to attend to basic spelling and grammar and it's always a good idea to refrain from calling the judge names.  A recent Fifth Circuit decision is, well, you decide:

http://www.virginiaappellatelaw.com/2011/07/articles/writing/dont-mess-with-texis-sic-legalwriting-lessons-from-a-fifthcircuit-benchslap/


 

 

In Search Of

Here's a reminder about the appellate lawyer's obligation to tie legal arguments to the record.  In addition, every now and then you run across what appears to be a little judicial jab in an appellate opinion:

"Under the circumstances, [Plaintiff] has not met his burden of showing abuse of discretion.  Each appellate brief must 'support any reference to a matter in the record by a citation to the volume and page number of the record where the matter appears.'  (Citation)  'The reviewing court is not required to make an independent, unassisted study of the record in search of error or grounds to support the judgment.  It is entitled to the assistance of counsel.'  (Citation)  'It is the duty of counsel to refer the reviewing court to the portion of the record which supports appellant's contentions on appeal.  If no citation is furnished on a particular point, the court may treat it as waived.'  (Citation)  Further, [Plaintiff] has already filed three complaints without being able to state a single cause of action."  (Durrell v. Sharp Healthcare (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1371-1372.)

Okay, so maybe more than just a little jab.

Mincing Words

The United States Supreme Court heard oral argument last week in a case further exploring the contours of the Miranda warning, J.D.B. v. North Carolina.  The issue is whether an interrogator should, or must, consider the suspect's age in determining whether to give the warning.  The facts involved a 13 year old student corralled in a school office with two police officers and an assistant principal.  The dispute is whether, under the Court's latest Miranda jurisprudence, a court should presume the student felt free to leave--the upshot of the North Carolina supreme court's holding that no Miranda warning was necessary because the boy was not in custody.

Like the Court's prior decisions revisiting Miranda, the ideological divide is wide and judicial temperature, well, a little heated.  Counsel for the student argued that "The empirical data demonstrates to us that the older a child is to an adult, the more adult-like they are."  Justice Scalia immediately fired back, asking if she really needed data to reach that conclusion.  Ouch.

Of course, the gallery broke up.

And when Justice Breyer asked North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper, "You know the sentence I'm referring to in my dissent, presumably,?"  Scalia broke in with "Some people don't read dissents.  He may not have read it."  To which Breyer parried, "I live always in hope."  Hope, and on a Supreme Court with Justice Scalia, a thick skin. 

Here's a little taste of Scalia at his bitter best, dissenting in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 465 (2000), back in the bad-old-days when Miranda revision wasn't going his way:

Today's judgment converts Miranda from a milestone of judicial overreaching into the very Cheops' Pyramid (or perhaps the Sphinx would be a better analogue) of judicial arrogance. In imposing its Court-made code upon the States, the original opinion at least asserted that it was demanded by the Constitution. Today's decision does not pretend that it is -- and yet still asserts the right to impose it against the will of the people's representatives in Congress.

Tell us how you really feel, Antonin.

Remand Diplomacy

Ever notice how the appellate courts provide "guidance" to the lower courts on remand?  You know what I mean, "we take no position" and "while the lower court is free to revisit" and so on.  Of course, usually followed by a magnificent qualifier, that says "but" in capital letters.  Here's a gem:

Because we are vacating the district court's Rule 11 orders on other legal grounds, we express no opinion at this stage about the particular reasonableness of any fees the district court elected to award Mattel.  We do, however, encourage the district court on remand to ensure that the time spent by Mattel's attorneys was reasonably and appropriately spent in relation to both the patent frivolousness of Christian's complaint and the services directly caused by the sanctionable conduct. FN 12

FN 12: For example, because the action was frivolous on its face, why would Mattel's attorneys need to spend 700 hours . . . for the summary judgment motion and response? . . . Mattel's theory was stunningly simple and required little explication . . .  Christian v. Mattel, 286 F.3d 1118, 1131-32, FN 12 (9th Cir. 2002).

Don't you love it?!  We express no opinion but see our footnote for our actual opinion.  And oh, by the way, if you (district court) fail to correctly read our "no opinion" you will be reversed.  Again!

Remand diplomacy. 

Houston

Just got back from Houston.  The University of Houston's Blakely Law Center and the Andrews Kurth law firm host the Moot Court National Championship.  The competition, only three years old, is invitation only.  It features the top 16 moot court programs based on the prior academic year's final intercollegiate competition rankings.  Hastings has been invited every year.  And by the way, this year Hastings was the only team west of the Rockies to be invited.

This year's problem was patent infringement and trademark dilution.  Our Hastings team won four preliminary rounds and made it to the semifinals before bowing out.  They were amazing advocates.  The team, pictured left to right, included Erica Connolly, Coach Watt, Thomas Fay, and Ryan Rezai.  Not pictured is student-coach and Hastings 3L, Josephine Mason.  Their success was even more impressive because this time my team was all 2Ls.

Last year, Hastings did not field a team due to budget cuts.  But in the inaugural event, we were also semifinalists.  Two trip, two semifinalists.  Not bad.

But not good enough.  So with apologies to Dean Martin fans, if there is such a thing, next year "I'm going back to Houston, Houston, Houston." 

Word Wars

I've been preparing for my 12th consecutive year teaching moot court class at Hastings.  This time, I'm using United States v. Pineda-Moreno.  That's the Ninth Circuit case holding that the Fourth Amendment is not violated when police officers sneak on to your driveway in the wee hours of the morning and attach a GPS tracking device to the underside of the car.  Have you looked under there lately?  Maybe that rattling noise is not just a loose muffler.  Anyway, as I've previously noted, some of the most entertaining judicial opinions are dissents.  Pineda-Moreno is no exception:

In the controlling opinion, Circuit Judge O'Scannlain writes that given the lack of a fence, gate or other obstruction, "If a neighborhood child had walked up Pineda-Moreno's driveway and crawled under his Jeep to retrieve a lost ball or runaway cat, Pineda-Moreno would have no grounds to complain."  (U.S. v. Pineda-Moreno, 593 F.3d 1212, 1215.)

In the subsequent dissent from the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc, Chief Judge Kozinski writes: "The panel authorizes police to do not only what invited strangers could, but also uninvited children--in this case crawl under the car to retrieve a ball and tinker with the undercarriage. But there's no limit to what neighborhood kids will do, given half a chance: They'll jump the fence, crawl under the porch, pick fruit from the trees, set fire to the cat and micturate on the azaleas. To say that the police may do on your property what urchins might do spells the end of Fourth Amendment protections for most people's curtilage."  (U.S. v. Pineda-Moreno, 617 F.3d 1120, 1123.)

Touche!

Stimulus Package?

The Great Recession has been a trying time, calling for innovative leadership and creative thinking by the California Legislature.  And the Legislature appears to have spent 2010 concerned with your spirits.  The fluid, drinkable kind, that is.  A review of the legislation enacted effective January 1, 2011 includes the following intoxicating mix of beverage measures.

The new laws:

Permit licensed winegrowers to produce "spirits of wine" without having to obtain a distilled spirits manufacturer's license.  Bus. & Prof. Code sections 23015; 23358; 23358.2, and 23390.5;

Create a new type of license allowing for wine, beer and distilled spirits tasting at off-sale licensed premises.  Bus. & Prof. Code sections 2339.6 & 25503.56;

Permit beer manufacturers and holders of beer and wine importer's licenses to conduct "instructional events" at on-sale retail licensee premises featuring beer.  Bus. & Prof. Code section 25503.45;

Allow for the return of wine taken out of state.  Bus. & Prof. Code sections 23661.7 & 25238;

Enable licensed distilled spirits rectifiers to donate or sell their "products" to specified nonprofit entities for the purpose of assisting in fund-raising efforts.  Bus. & Prof. Code section25503.9;

Enable guests to purchase beer and wine in sealed containers from hotel or motel gift shops.  Bus. & Prof. Code section 2339.61;

Permit armed forces members to buy alcohol using a military identification card.  Bus. & Prof. Code section 25660.

Oh, there is one other little change.  Civil Code section 1714 has been amended to limit the social host immunity of a "parent, guardian or another adult who 'knowingly furnishes' alcoholic beverages at his or her residence, to a person under 21 years of age..." 

Bottoms up!

New Year -- Tall Orders

Last Monday I had the privilege of introducing Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye to the student body of the Deer Valley Law Academy and assembled guests including local dignitaries, politicians, lawyers, community activists and other community members.  For those not aware of this great program, the Academy introduces Antioch's Deer Valley High School students to the potential of a career in law.  The students learn about the court system, criminal and civil law and procedure, the Constitution, how to do legal research and much more.  The DVLA is new, in just its second year of existence.  DVLA can use mentors, volunteers and more.  And there are deserving students that would love to spend the summer doing your filing in exchange for getting a taste of law and lawyers.  Check it out, talk about empowering young minds.

Oh, there was the small matter of introducing the Chief Justice.  It was nice to have the opportunity to speak to some of the milestones and highlights of her career and to point out to the students that her path from high-school student to lawyer was not exactly traditional.  But the best thing was listening to Justice Cantil-Sakauye address the crowd.  The Chief Justice has charisma and energy, not just smarts.

She's going to need it.  After all, she takes the helm from Ronald George at a time when the courts, like the rest of state and local government, are awash in red ink and facing severe shortages of funding, staffing, and the means to provide justice.  As she told the crowd at DVLA, she's making the rounds and getting up to speed quickly by, among other things, beating a path to Chief Justice George's office as the time winds down for his Court.

My theme for the introduction was that in tough economic times the stakes are raised, so the students need to bring more to the table.  Well, I guess that's a good sign for the courts too.  Because the new chief justice has it all in spades.  In a new year made up of tall orders and daunting challenges, it looks like a great leader will be at the helm.

SLAPPED Around

Most cases, if they have any interest to us at all, are interesting because of what they say.  After all, the holding gives us insights into how a particular statute or rule applies to a given set of facts.  Sometimes, it's the facts that draw our interest, simply because the facts are so out of the ordinary.  And then there are those cases that are interesting by what they don't say.  It's the unanswered questions they raise - questions that are more entertaining and curious than a hundred ground-breaking decisions.

A recent decision by the Fourth District is one of the latter.  Baharian-Mehr v. Smith 2010 Cal.App. LEXIS 1779.  There, the appellate court affirms the dismissal of an anti-SLAPP motion and an award of $1,500 in attorney fees, describing it as "one of the weakest anti-SLAPP motions this court has reviewed in some time, which is not an inconsiderable achievement."  It doesn't exactly give counsel a gold star when it later adds, "Although Smith's [appellate] briefing is an improvement over his original motion in the trial court, his legal arguments are equally devoid of merit, and therefore, attorney fees [on the appeal] are appropriate."

But more intriguing are the unspoken premises and unanswered questions.  Who appeals an award of attorney fees when the award is only $1,500?  Did counsel tell the client that losing the appeal would mean, um, more attorney fees?  That opposing counsel's fees on the appeal would far outpace the $1,500 at issue?  And who takes on the appeal knowing the award is so small?  What is counsel's hourly rate?  I mean, creating the shell document for the appeal will pretty much burn through the $1,500 right?  Okay, add the notice of appeal, the case information statement, designate the record.  Are we there yet?

But here's the clincher; maybe it was barter.  Smith was in the adult entertainment business.  And I'm pretty sure that doesn't mean baseball.  See?  In this one, it's the unspoken premises and the unanswered questions that make it memorable!

Speak Freely

The California Supreme Court heard oral argument today in a case that could result in a chilling effect on attorney-client communications.  The questions presented are 1) Are the private conversations of an attorney and client for the purpose of mediation entitled to confidentiality under Evidence Code sections 1115 through 1128; and, 2) Is an attorney a "participant" in a mediation such that communications between the attorney and his or her client for purposes of mediation must remain confidential under Evidence Code section 1119, subdivision (c) and 1122, subdivision (a) (2)?  As to third-parties, the answers would seem obvious.

But this is not about third-parties.  It's about a subsequent malpractice claim.

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Men In Black

If you noticed a few extra suits, shades, and ear-piece types around the Civic Center last week, you are not alone.  The federal marshals were out in number for the appearance last Thursday and Friday of not one, but two supreme court justices.  Call it the convergence of the black robes.

For those lucky enough to have a seat, Justice Breyer appeared at a sold-out Herbst Theater last Thursday.  In the "conversation with" format, Justice Breyer talked about his career on the high court, his judicial philosophy of "principles and consequences," and his newest book, "Making Democracy Work -- A Judge's View."  Breyer said that justices typically "look to the words at issue, to surrounding text, to the statute's history, to legal traditions, to precedent, to the statute's purposes, and to its consequences evaluated in light of those purposes."  He said, "Of these I find the last two—purposes and consequences—most helpful most often."  Breyer, a Lowell High School grad, was obviously comfortable with the home crowd.  He charmed the audience with a series of anecdotes that often left the crowd laughing.  And Justice Breyer took questions from the audience.  It was electric.

The very next day, Justice Scalia also participated in the "conversation with" format, at Hastings College of the Law.  There, to a crowd of mostly law students, Justice Scalia ruminated on everything from the New York Yankees, Sicilian pizza, and the originalism that is his judicial trademark.  Comparing anything else to ad-hoc decision making, Justice Scalia mocked others by looking up at the ceiling repeatedly and stating, "I wonder if the death penalty is constitutional today?"  Of his approach to adjudication, he said he tries to view the constitution from the framers' perspective and then project that perspective to today's cases and issues.  According to Scalia, any other approach allows a court to make it up as it goes along.  As he put it, there's nothing worse than a court trying to determine if something is an "undue burden."  As is well known, Scalia is witty.  But more than one Left-Coaster in the audience was surprised that he's also charming.  As one audience member put it to me, "I felt like a moth being drawn to a candle." 

Men in black.  Amazing.

Windmill Tilting?

To the uninitiated, oral argument is the denouement of every appeal; the moment when the great appellate orators clash and the appellate court considers how to rule.  But for those that have been around the appellate block more than once or twice, loss of innocence is discovering that the appellate court has a draft opinion already written before the oral argument.  In September 9th's Daily Journal, professor and appellate practitioner Myron Moskovitz had an intriguing guest column called "Abolish Oral Argument?"  In it, Moskovitz, all-around good guy and lover of things appellate, ruminated on the impacts of the "90 day rule" in California's appellate courts. 

Upon submission of a case (at the conclusion of oral argument), the court has 90 days to issue an opinion, or else the justices don't get paid.  Yep - no pay.  Now just think if your paychecks were subject to something like that!  That could be a pretty effective form of incentive.  At the Court of Appeal, it means that as appellant's counsel approaches the podium, the court has already made up its mind.  As Moskovitz puts it, "oral argument in most of California's appellate courts is indeed an 'empty ritual'."  As a justice at the First District told me only half-jokingly, "Sometimes we'd like to hand the lawyers the draft opinion as they are walking away from the podium."

For oral argument lovers, and I am included in that group, the situation is very different in the Ninth Circuit.  The circuit judges are not boxed in by a 90 day rule, and as a result, oral arguments tend to be hotter.  (Admittedly, any oral argument with live human beings could be hotter than some state appellate court oral arguments, but that's not the "hot" I am referring to.)  At the Ninth Circuit, all 3 members of the panel tend to be more interested, ask more questions on the law and the facts, and both parties tend to receive active questioning.  While the panel may have an idea where they are headed, there is still plenty of time to come to a conclusion.  And so they fire away.

I'll take an oral argument in the Ninth Circuit any time. 

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Doing CRAC

As an adjunct professor, I tend to remember that old saw about those that can, those that can't, and which of the two are teachers.  It's a little scary.  Between avoiding being in the wrong half of that equation, and wondering what the students might ask me next, there is plenty of incentive to try hard to stay sharp and also, practice what I preach.  Avoidance of the expression, "do as I say, not as I do" comes to mind.  It's with no small trepidation that you look upon the sea of faces waiting for you to impart wisdom.  Or something.

As lawyers, a frequent lament is about the poor quality of written briefs (never our own, of course).  We sometimes see them in our own cases, filed by our opponents.  And ask any trial or appellate judge at the next MCLE seminar you attend, you'll hear the frustration of a difficult job for shorthanded and overworked courts, exacerbated by poorly written briefs.

Let's face it, between discovery squabbles, pre/post-trial motions, mediation and trial briefs, 90% of what we do is write.  And we must do it (collectively speaking) fairly poorly.  Otherwise, how do you explain the popularity and success of brief writing gurus like Bryan Garner?  His MCLEs are not cheap.  They are also very popular.

In law school, we are taught to IRAC during our first semester and to think about legal writing from that framework.  But when it comes to writing the legal argument sections of briefs, doing CRAC is even better.  So whether you are trying to stay one step ahead of your opponents (or those hungry lawyers below you on the firm totem pole) or just been meaning to take a hard look at your own briefs, doing CRAC is a habit that is actually good for you.

Here's how: 

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Blog Day Afternoon

It's over a hundred today, way too hot, almost flammable.  Speaking of flames, my recent post about what Code of Civil Procedure section 473 subdivision (b) can and cannot do to save clients from lawyer folly, reminded me of the following gems.  These do not necessarily have to do with attorney mistakes but they might provide a little humor.  So if you can't just drop your briefs (legal, that is) and jump in the pool or join the kids at the ice cream truck just yet, perhaps these will provide a little laughter to get you through a long, hot afternoon.

Dark Roast:  “At the hearing, the trial court deemed [defendant’s] argument ‘gamesmanship,’ ‘disingenuous,’ and worthy of the ‘chutzpah award.’ The trial court commented concerning the motion [to vacate the judgment], ‘When I finished reading this, I had a foul taste in my mouth and it wasn’t from the old Starbucks coffee I was drinking.’ ” (Diamond Game Enterprises, Inc. v. Whipple 2009 WL 921676 at *2.) 

Learned Profession:  “This is an argument only a lawyer could love; it rests on semantics rather than on reason.” (Gallo v. Sup. Ct. (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1375, 1380.)

Invigoration:  “After this mind-numbing journey through RCRA, we return to the provision that is, after all, the one before us for examination.” (American Mining Congress v. United States Environmental Protection Agency et al., (D.C. Cir. 1987) 824 F.2d 1177, 1189.)

Try, Try Again:  Taken as a whole, defendant's reply brief reads like an entirely new opening brief rather than as a response to plaintiffs' brief. [FN3. Defendant’s opening brief is only 39 pages long including 17 pages of facts and no footnotes. In contrast, his reply brief is 50 pages long . . . The reply brief contains 48 footnotes and each page of his reply brief contains more than 10 percent more text than the pages of his opening brief . . . In all, defendant’s reply brief contains about twice as much appellate argument as his opening brief.] (Riechardt v. Hoffman (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 754, 767, fn. 3.)

Now, isn't that better?

Word Wars

Being an appellate lawyer is having the luxury (generally speaking) of time to delve into the slightest nuances in the case law in vigorous detail.  And one of the side benefits of reading so many cases is encounters with colorful dissents.  As lawyers know, there's nothing like bitterness to give a fine edge to judicial opinions.  Read any of Justice Scalia's dissents and you immediately become aware of being in the presence of a great writer, not just legal writer.  You also cannot help but wonder which parts got left on the cutting room floor as just a little too inflammatory.  

One of the greatest examples of this art form is Justice Scalia's dissent in Dickerson v. Arizona, 530 U.S. 428 (2004).  Some snippets to whet your appetite:

"Those to whom judicial decisions are an unconnected series of judgments that produce either favored or disfavored results will doubtless greet today's decision as a paragon of moderation, since it declines to overrule Miranda v. Arizona . . . Those who understand the judicial process will appreciate that today's decision is not a reaffirmation of Miranda, but a radical revision of the most significant element of Miranda . . ." 

"And so, to justify today's agreed-upon result, the Court must adopt a significant new, if not entirely comprehensible, principle of constitutional law."

"Today's judgment converts Miranda from a milestone of judicial overreaching into the very Cheops' Pyramid (or perhaps the Sphinx would be a better analogue) of judicial arrogance."

Ah.

Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski is no slouch either when it comes to pen as sword.  Just a week ago Judge Kozinski dissented from the denial of a petition for rehearing en banc in United States of America v. Pineda-Moreno, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 16708.  Here's a taste:

"Having previously decimated the protections the Fourth Amendment accords to the home itself . . . our court now proceeds to dismantle the zone of privacy we enjoy in the home's curtilage and in public."

Oh, the bitterness!  And that's just the opening sentence!  There's more, but why spoil it for you?

Word wars.  Enjoy.

There's Rules and There's Rules

On August 9th, the Second District reversed a trial court's dismissal of a personal injury/auto accident case on statute of limitations grounds.  The case has a certain Kafkaesque feel to it. Or perhaps Monopoly's "do not pass go" is a better description.

In Mito v. Temple Recycling Center Corp. 2010 Cal.App. LEXIS 1372, the plaintiffs faxed their complaint to the superior court clerk on July 24, 2008, a date within the two-year statute of limitations.  But the trial court clerk rejected the filing because plaintiffs failed to include the "Civil Case Cover Sheet Addendum and Statement of Location" required by local court rule.  The filing included the civil case cover sheet required by California Rules of Court, rule 3.220 subdivision (a).  The clerk stamped the submission "Received Fax Filing July 24, 2008."  The next day, the clerk rejected it, faxing a "Notice of Rejection-Fax Filing" back to plaintiffs.

So on July 28, plaintiffs faxed the same documents again, this time including the local rules cover sheet.  The receipt time printed on top of the superior court copies of the documents showed transmission between 4:16 p.m. and 4:22 p.m. that day.  But the court clerk (probably doing the work the next day), stamped the complaint as filed the following day, July 29, 2008.

That was one day after the statute of limitations expired.

Defendants demurred on statute of limitations grounds.  The trial court's tentative ruling sustained the demurrer without leave to amend.  But at the hearing, the trial court granted plaintiffs 60 days to file a motion to amend the filing date nunc pro tunc under rule 2.304, subdivision (d).  When plaintiffs dutifully filed their motion, defendant objected on the grounds that the supporting declaration submitted as to timeliness of the June 28 fax filing should be excluded.  The reason?  Because the declarant-attorney (Ms. Mito) was also one of the plaintiffs, so could not satisfy the "At the time of transmission I was at least 18 years of age and not a party to this legal proceeding" language required of declarants by rule 2.304 subdivision (d).

So the trial court denied the motion.  Do not pass go.

The Court of Appeal reversed.  After observing that plaintiffs failed to argue in the trial court that their original June 24, 2008 filing was timely, the appellate court reached that issue anyway.  It did so under the doctrine that an appellate court may decide pure questions of law based on undisputed facts and that the original filings were part of the record.  It then held that rule 3.220 subdivision (c) prohibited the court clerk from rejecting the filing for failure to comply with the local rules.  "So long as a complaint complies with state requirements, the clerk has a ministerial duty to file."  The lower courts retain their right to levy lesser, appropriate sanctions.

Lessons?  Don't get into car accidents with lawyers?  Don't file anything less than a week before the statute runs?  Preserve issues for appeal by raising them in the trial court?  Even if they weren't raised below, raise them on appeal?  How about check the local rules, not just the California Rules of Court?  After all, the appellate court's "get out of jail free" card was not exactly free.  It has been two years and additional trial and appellate court briefings since that fateful fax filing. 

There's rules and there's rules.

The M Word

No, not that word. I am referring to "mistake" as in "mistake, inadvertence, surprise or neglect." On August 5th, the Fifth Appellate District issued an opinion in Henderson v. Pacific Gas & Electric 2010 Cal.App. LEXIS 1368. There, plaintiff's counsel "waited until the eleventh hour to begin opposing a summary judgment motion he had known about for months . . . assigned the preparation of that opposition to a paralegal who he failed to supervise." And when the paralegal left town the day before the opposition was due, promising to get it done despite heading for a cruise ship, counsel "hoped for a miracle instead of immediately going to court to request an extension of time."

The trial court found belated attempts to file pieces of opposition untimely. It also granted summary judgment for PG&E. Nothing to worry about. That's where Code of Civil Procedure section 473 subdivision (b) comes in right?

Um, no. As Henderson reminds us, the majority of appellate courts take the view that the "mandatory relief" provision of 473 subdivision (b) does not apply to summary judgment motions. This provision, also referred to as the "attorney fault" provision, requires a court to grant relief so long as the attorney files an affidavit falling on the sword. The policy is to avoid unjust results where due to an attorney's inexcusable failure to act, a party loses its day in court. But, as Henderson observes, by its express terms, the mandatory relief provision only applies to defaults, default judgments or dismissals. And while some appellate courts have taken a broader view, the majority have characterized such decisions as "understandable, yet ultimately misguided quests to salvage cases lost by inept attorneys" applying the mandatory relief provision "far beyond the limited confines the Legislature intended."  (English v. Ikon Business Solutions, Inc. (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 130, 148.) 

Of course, that leaves the discretionary provision of 473 (b) where a court "may" grant relief from a "judgment, dismissal, order, or other proceeding" due to "mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect." (Italics added.) Certainly, by its terms, relief here applies to more than the mandatory relief provision's "default, default judgment or dismissal."  But note the word "excusable" in the discretionary relief provision? Courts have interpreted it to mean that excusable mistakes are only those that can happen to any non-lawyer, not mistakes falling below the standard of care. Such mistakes include computers crashing, fax machines jamming, erroneous addresses on envelopes, that sort of thing.

But in Henderson, the Fifth District concludes that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying relief because, "a reasonably prudent  person . . . upon learning that the opposition would not be available to review before filing, [would not] simply wait to see if in fact the opposition is filed." Such conduct by an attorney is not only inexcusable, it falls below the standard of care.

And those last three words bring us back to the title of this post. 

Ain't Misbehavin?

Depositions. Place where zealous advocacy and misconduct are frequent companions. Or does it depend on where you are sitting? On July 29, the First District affirmed in part and reversed in part an appeal from discovery sanctions. Translation, somebody was "misbehavin."

The case is Tucker v. Pacific Bell Mobile Services, 2010 Cal.App. LEXIS 1255. After passing the deponent notes to read during the deposition, and instructing the deponent not to answer questions about the notes, on-the-record colloquies included the following "highlight." 

Deposing Lawyer: In the number of years I've been doing this, I have never had a witness -- I have never even seen a suggestion of a witness reviewing, while a question is being framed, material written by counsel for that witness.

Defending Lawyer:  I suggest maybe you need more seasoning. Maybe you haven't been a lawyer long enough.

After further contentious exchanges about defending lawyer's conduct, defending lawyer instructed his client not to answer questions about the allegations in the complaint, on the grounds that they called for a legal conclusion or concerned the merits of plaintiffs' claims!  Objection, allowing my client to answer may provide evidence!  Hmnn...

After the smoke cleared, deposing lawyer asked defending lawyer to stipulate to a discovery referee and other conditions.  Defending lawyer's response?

"As General McAuliffe stated to the Germans at Bastogne in December, 1944: 'Nuts!'"

I guess that's the "all's fair in love and war" interpretation of the Code of Civil Procedure.  Deposing counsel moved for sanctions under Code of Civil Procedure section 2030.030.  The trial court awarded sanctions of $7,500 which included costs for "further deposing the plaintiff."

So what does Tucker stand for?  First, an order awarding sanctions greater than $5,000 is directly appealable. (Code Civ. Proc. section 904.1, subd. (a) (12).) Second, discovery orders are generally reviewed for abuse of discretion. Third, a party does not have to move for an order compelling deposition responses (under section 2025.480) prior to moving for sanctions under section 2023.030. Fourth, the operative phrase in section 2023.030 subdivision (a) is "incurred by anyone." Therefore, trial courts can award sanctions for "reasonable expenses . . . incurred" by a party as the result of discovery abuse, but not for "costs related to the taking of a future deposition." Tucker remanded the matter to the trial court to recalculate the amount of sanctions limited to expenses actually incurred.

Tucker tells the party that was the victim of discovery abuse that some of the cost of that abuse will be absorbed by the victim.  After all, the deposition do-over is caused by the misconduct.  I suppose clever lawyers will find a way to recoup those costs, don't you?

Nice Guys Finish First

Understandably eclipsed in the wake of Ronald George's retirement and Tani Cantil-Sakauye's nomination to take the reins as chief justice, was another similar announcement.  Third District presiding justice, Arthur Scotland, is also retiring. As anyone who has ever argued before him can tell you, Scotland is the epitome of a gentleman. No matter how hectic the calendar or how far afield the oralist wandered, Justice Scotland was always patient and thoughtful. He delivered even the most skeptical questions with respect, never disdain.

Scotland has been captain of the ship at the Third District since 1998. His last day will be September 17. But his exemplary legal career is only part of the story, here is a sample from the Court of Appeal website:

"Active in his community, Justice Scotland was named Humanitarian of the Year in 2002 by the Sacramento County Bar Association for his volunteer work on behalf of the Sacramento Children's Home, a residential and treatment facility for abused and neglected children. He also received a Community Service Award from the Center for Youth Citizenship for his volunteer work helping to educate school children about our legal system . . . In 2005, he received a public service award from the American Board of Trial Advocates, Sacramento Valley Chapter, for 'having tirelessly given his time and effort to make the community we live in a better place for those less fortunate and in need.' In 2007, the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law, presented him with its Volunteer Leadership Award. And in 2008, Friends CARE (Children in At Risk Environments) honored him with an award for his 'continued support of the children left behind.'"

Wow. 

Arguing in the court of appeal up and down the state, one collects many anecdotes. The one I remember most about Justice Scotland is this: last summer, while I was waiting to argue as respondent, the panel was becoming impatient with appellant's counsel's long-winded start. Justice Scotland waited for counsel to take a deep breath, and then ever so gently, focused the issue: "Well counsel, your suit stands or falls on the statute of limitations, right?" Taking the cue, counsel got to what really mattered.

Of course, during any stint as presiding justice there will be critics. Others can write those stories. The appellate bench and bar will sorely miss a true gentleman and fine jurist. One thing will remain, Justice Scotland's legacy: Nice guys finish first.

Watching the Unwinding

If we needed a sobering reminder of how fragile law firms are, the current edition is McDonough Holland & Allen. McDonough is soon to be no more. And unless you had inside information, its demise comes as (yet another) shock. After all, McDonough is (or was) a great law firm, a place teeming with fine lawyers and great people, top to bottom. But a 55 year history, roots in Sacramento and a renowned public law practice were not enough to make McDonough immune from collapse. Another victim of the economic downturn, no doubt, and large scale lateral defections. What if anything will remain is uncertain. Not good. 

 

The Importance of Grammar and a Shout Out to SPOGG: The Society for Promotion of Good Grammar

     I am a big fan of SPOGG, mostly because I teach legal research and writing courses to paralegal students on Wednesday nights, but also because I’m a little bit of a grammar nerd. If you are the red-pen-wielding type, you will be a fan of SPOGG, too.

     Each quarter that I teach, I (vainly) try to impress upon my students the importance of understanding and following the rules of grammar in their legal writing by illustrating the consequences of not doing so. Generally, this lecture is received by a fair amount of whining, eye-rolling and an I-already-know-this exasperation. The complaining is then followed by papers plagued with sentence fragments and comma splices, a failure of subject-verb agreement, an obvious attempt to spell-check followed by an equally obvious failure to proofread, and a sometimes hilarious attempt to “over-write” that ends in the misuse of words the student cannot possibly have consulted a dictionary for definition before using.

 

     So, I decided I needed some back-up. If my students did not believe me, perhaps they would believe the learned justices in the appellate courts who had taken an attorney or two to task for sloppy brief writing. 

                       

 

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More Advice From The Bench . . . Kozinski On Oral Arguments

On Tuesday, Judge Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (do I really need to clarify that) sat down with David Lat, Founder of Above the Law for a conversation about collegiality on the court and some interesting tips on oral argument.

The podcast of their conversation is available here.  Or you can read a summary and excerpts here.

Following in the vein of yesterday's post with Scalia's comments on writing amicus briefs, Judge Kozinski offered an interesting tidbit of advice for oral argument -- Apparently judges don't appreciate having their own opinions cited back to them.  Who knew?

Lat expressed surprise when Kozinski offered a practice tip for oral argument: never point out that the opinion you are citing was written by a member of the panel.

While the moderator suggested that judges might “like being buttered up,” Kozinski offered that he could not think of a single federal judge who enjoys having his own opinions cited to him.

“It’s not just gauche,” the judge said. “It looks like you’re trying to trap me with my own opinion.”

The only thing worse, he quipped, would be “telling Willie Fletcher that ‘this is something your mom said.’” Ninth Circuit Judge William Fletcher, a Clinton appointee, is the son of Senior Judge Betty B. Fletcher, a member of the court since 1979.

Kudos to ATL for the heads up.

Justice Scalia on Amicus Briefs . . . and Plows

This is a brief, and albeit random bit of information, but I was going through an old notebook looking for an outline and found a quote from Justice Scalia on amicus briefs that made me chuckle.  This is from a seminar he gave with Bryan Garner last summer in D.C. on their book Making Your Case:  The Art of Persuading Judges.

"Don't re-plow the ground that you expect the parties to plow unless you expect the parties to plow with a particularly dull plow." 

Now say that five times, quickly.

Tracking Ninth Circuit Opinions Just Got Easier

The Ninth Circuit is now offering an RSS feed for all new opinions.  You don't get the digest version that you would by using Callaw or Westlaw or another similar service, but it gives you instant access to the decisions.

Another good source for tracking opinions from the 9th is the Ninth Circuit blog put out by several federal public defenders.  More of the focus is on criminal cases, but they write good, succinct analysis of the opinions.

Finally, the Ninth Circuit has also been posting links to files of oral arguments for some time.  Interesting when you've got the time or inclination.

When The Teacher Becomes the Student . . .

Last week a friend at work asked me to sit as a judge for a class he teaches in appellate advocacy at JFK Law School.  After a certain amount of polite grumbling (it required driving into SF in rush hour traffic) I agreed.  As I was subsequently sitting in that traffic, I began pondering what ultimate wisdom I could impart to these students about oral advocacy.  The entire drive over (which was long to say the least) I considered the pearls of wisdom Ric had imparted to me before my first oral argument, comments by Justice Scalia and Bryan Garner from their amazing seminar I attended last summer . . . By the time I reached the 9th Circuit's courthouse in SF, I was feeling very blessed to have such amazing mentors in my own career.

By the time I left, I had to chuckle.  I walked into the 9th Circuit that evening thinking I was doing a favor for a friend and a service for some law students.  After I got over the initial uncomfortableness with donning an actual robe and sitting at the bench (it felt somehow sacrilegious . . . like dressing as a priest while attending the church Halloween party) I realized that watching a serious of students argue from the judge's perspective was probably one of the most valuable learning experiences I've ever had in oral advocacy.  No amount of seminars, CLE classes, or even actual arguments, can truly give you a chance to view an argument from that perspective. 

The students did a great job.  But, listening to how they formed their arguments and the syllogisms they used was so important.  It was easy, at times, to lose track of where they were going with their reasoning when it was not extremely clear, succinct, and laid out at the beginning of their arguments.  Using indicators to tell us that they were now moving to a different area of their arguments was extremely helpful.  And most interesting was my almost visceral reaction when one student claimed he was citing the statute and ended up quoting a portion of the legislative history.  It was not intentional -- and he was nervous -- but the misquote jumped out at me and made it very hard for me to follow the remainder of his argument.  Moreover, I found myself becoming very suspicious of his other arguments and wanting to turn to the record after each statement he made in order to check its veracity.

Not that any of these are new tips on oral argument, but I don't know that anything can compare to actually experiencing how helpful and important these things are to the justices sitting in front of you.

Long story short:  If you get an opportunity to participate in such an exercise, I highly recommend it.  It is a great public service, and you may learn more than you anticipate.

Interesting Law.com Article Regarding Blogging

CC Holland, special to Law.com, wrote an interesting feature today entitled, "Where Are All the Female Bloggers."  I was interviewed for the article, and have to admit, I hadn't recognized that there was an apparent lack of female bloggers until Ms. Holland asked me about it.  Nonetheless, the article contains interesting, if not alarming observations.  Personally, I've had a blast participating in the "blogosphere" and have been lucky enough to avoid some of the downsides discussed in the article.  Food for thought.

Exploring The Decision To Retain an Appellate Lawyer

Greg May, over at the California Blog of Appeal, is starting a new series on the reasons why attorneys, and more importantly their clients, are sometimes reluctant to hire appellate counsel.  Sure to spark an interesting conversation . . . check it out here.

Congratulation to Ric Blumhardt On Award Of Specialization In Appellate Law

Congratulations to Ric Blumhardt of Archer Norris who is now officially an appellate specialist, certified by the California State Bar. 

Ric has been my mentor and teacher for years.  Its a highly deserved accreditation and we are all very proud and excited for him as he leads the growth and development of Archer Norris' appellate practice.

Some of his more notable appellate victories include Urhausen v. Longs Drug Stores California, Inc., 155 Cal.App.4th 254, Safeco Insurance Co. of America v. Superior Court, 71 Cal.App.4th 782, and Lambert v. Carneghi, 158 Cal.App.4th 1120.

Congrats to Ric!

Attorney General Files Suits Over "Organic" Label

Interesting new spat of lawsuits over the labeling of organic products.  According to an article in the National Law Journal yesterday, the California Attorney General filed five suits yesterday; including one against Whole Foods for including allegedly cancer-causing ingredients in purportedly  organic body products. 

Justice Scalia on 60 Minutes

CBS has transcript and a video of Justice Scalia's interview on 60 minutes here.

Chief Justice Pleads With Legislature For Minimal Budget Cuts

The Recorder ran an article today about Chief Justice Ronald George's plea that the state not cut the Judiciary's budget by nearly $246 million.

The article covers the Chief Justice's annual presentation before the Legislature.  For those of you without a subscription to CalLaw, here are some of the more interesting points:

"The legislation you enact into law may not be subject to judicial enforcement if that occurs," George said in his annual State of the Judiciary address to the Legislature. "I believe we all agree that a functioning court system is not a luxury - it is an essential component of state government. There are severe limits to how much we can reduce the services that we are required to provide."
The Chief Justice also requested 50 new judges, which the Legislator has tried to put off until 2009:

George also lobbied lawmakers to authorize a final set of 50 new judgeships, even though legislative leaders have already said there won't be enough money to fund them until 2009 at the earliest. And, as he had before, he asked the Legislature to boost pensions for judges appointed after 1994, an improvement, he said, that would attract more candidates "from diverse backgrounds to the bench."

Trial Men (or Women) vs. Law Men (or Women)

I couldn't have said it better. 

Scott Greenfield at Simple Justice explains the evolution of trial lawyers versus appellate lawyers.

Twas The Night Before Christmas . . .

 . . . and I was still writing my opening brief.

From the day we enter law school we hear the mantra "simplify simplify simplify".   In honor of "simplicity" this holiday season, Howard Posner, an appellate attorney in Los Angeles, wrote a great article for California Lawyer Magazine about avoiding getting bogged down in words.

Posner writes about a holiday evening as he sits down to read "Harry Potter and the Demurrer of Doom" when he is visited by the ghost of his still practicing law partner who is dragging the chains of his verbosity . . .

"Dreadful apparition, why do you trouble me?"  I started to exclaim, but the words died in my throat because, on second thought, they sounded lame."

I had a good chuckle (Would that be Ho!Ho!Ho!?) and a solid reminder to Keep It Simple!  Read the full story here and many holiday wishes to Mr. Posner.

They Don't Need An Appellate Attorney on Boston Legal, So Why Do I?

I am used to blank stares when -- in response to the typical question of “What kind of law do you practice?” -- I tell people that I am an appellate lawyer.

There are no “appellate lawyers” on Boston Legal or Law and Order. Its been awhile since I’ve seen an episode of Ally McBeal, but I don’t recall any there either. Its disconcerting, however, when I get that same stare from my colleagues.


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